shall I have a go

v. modale

shall, come tutti i verbi modali, ha caratteristiche particolari:

● non ha forme flesse (-s alla 3^a pers. sing. pres., - ing, -ed), non è mai usato con ausiliari e non ha quindi tempi composti; la forma del passato, solo per alcuni significati, è should;

● non è mai usato con ausiliari e non ha quindi tempi composti;

● forma le domande mediante la semplice posposizione del soggetto;

● la forma negativa è shall not, spesso abbreviato in shan't;

● l'infinito che segue non ha la particella to;

● viene usato nelle question tags

1 (form. o antiq.) (alla 1^a pers. sing. e pl.: esprime il futuro di previsione o di certezza) – We shall overcome, vinceremo; Blessed are the pure in heart, for they shall see God, beati i puri di cuore, perché essi vedranno Dio; The real problems, as I shall explain in a moment, are quite different, i veri problemi, come spiegherò tra breve, sono ben altri; I doubt whether I shall see him again, dubito che lo rivedrò; I shan't let you down, non ti deluderò; We shall have finished by Friday, avremo finito per venerdì; We shall be shortly landing in Bonn, tra pochi minuti atterreremo a Bonn

2 (alla 1^a pers. sing. e pl.: nelle frasi interr., esprime suggerimento, offerta, richiesta) – Shall I leave the door open?, lascio aperta la porta?; Shall I get you a drink?, ti porto qualcosa da bere?; DIALOGO → - Going to the airport- Shall we go?, andiamo?; Shall we talk about something else?, (che ne dite se) parliamo d'altro?; What shall I answer?, che risposta devo dare?; What shall I do now?, e adesso che faccio?; What shall I cook tonight?, che cosa preparo stasera?; DIALOGO → - Dinner 1- What shall we have for dinner?, che vogliamo mangiare per cena?; Let's have a cup of tea, shall we?, beviamoci un tè, eh?

3 (form.) (alla 3^a pers. sing. e pl.: esprime un obbligo dettato da disposizione, norma, legge, ecc.) – Payments shall be made by cheque, il pagamento deve essere effettuato (o va fatto) mediante assegno; ( Bibbia) Thou shalt not kill, non uccidere

4 (form.) (alla 2^a pers.: esprime una promessa o un ordine) – You shall be held responsible for what happens, sarai ritenuto responsabile di quel che accade; You shan't have your piece of cake, if you don't behave, non avrai la tua fetta di torta se non ti comporti come si deve.

have [hæv]

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

1. auxiliary verb

2. modal verb

3. transitive verb

4. noun

5. Phrasal Verbs

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

► 3rd pers sg pres has, pret, ptp had

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

► When have is part of a set combination, eg have a look, have a good time, look up the noun.

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

1. auxiliary verb

   a. avoir

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

► avoir is the auxiliary used with most verbs to form past tenses. For important exceptions see below.

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

• I have eaten j'ai mangé

• I had eaten j'avais mangé

• haven't you grown! comme tu as grandi !

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

► Note the agreement of the past participle with the preceding direct object.

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

• I haven't seen her je ne l'ai pas vue

• I hadn't seen him je ne l'avais pas vu

• if I had seen her I would have spoken to her si je l'avais vue, je lui aurais parlé

• having seen them les ayant vus

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

► When describing uncompleted states or actions, French generally uses the present and imperfect where English uses the perfect and past perfect.

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

• I have lived or have been living here for 10 years/since January j'habite ici depuis 10 ans/depuis janvier

• I had lived or had been living there for 10 years j'habitais là depuis 10 ans

► to have just... venir de...

• I have just seen him je viens de le voir

• I had just spoken to him je venais de lui parler

   b. être

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

► être is the auxiliary used with all reflexives, and the following verbs when used intransitively: aller, arriver, descendre, devenir, entrer, monter, mourir, naître, partir, passer, rentrer, rester, retourner, revenir, sortir, tomber, venir.

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

• I have gone je suis allé

• I've made a mistake je me suis trompé

• I had gone j'étais allé

• I had made a mistake je m'étais trompé

   c. (in tag questions seeking confirmation) n'est-ce pas

• you've seen her, haven't you? vous l'avez vue, n'est-ce pas ?

• he hasn't told anyone, has he? il n'en a parlé à personne, n'est-ce pas ?

   d. (in tag responses) he's got a new job -- oh has he? il a un nouveau travail -- ah bon ?

• you've dropped your book -- so I have! vous avez laissé tomber votre livre -- en effet !

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

► (mais) si or (mais) non are used to contradict.

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

• you haven't seen her -- yes I have! vous ne l'avez pas vue -- (mais) si !

• you've made a mistake -- no I haven't! vous vous êtes trompé -- mais non !

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

► oui or non are often sufficient when answering questions.

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

• have you met him? -- yes I have est-ce que tu l'as rencontré ? -- oui

• has he arrived? -- no he hasn't est-ce qu'il est arrivé ? -- non

   e. (avoiding repetition of verb) have you ever been there? if you have... y êtes-vous déjà allé ? si oui,...

• have you tried it? if you haven't... est-ce que vous avez goûté ça ? si vous ne l'avez pas fait,...

2. modal verb

► to have to + infinitive devoir falloir

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

► falloir is always used in the third person singular, in an impersonal construction. Note that falloir que is always followed by the subjunctive.

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

• they have to work hard ils doivent travailler dur il faut qu'ils travaillent dur

• they had to work hard ils ont dû travailler dur il a fallu qu'ils travaillent dur

• you're going to have to work hard! tu vas devoir travailler dur ! il va falloir que tu travailles dur !

• I'll have to leave now or I'll miss the train il faut que je parte, sinon je vais rater mon train

• he had to pay all the money back il a dû tout rembourser

• don't you have to get permission? est-ce qu'on ne doit pas demander la permission ?

• do you have to go now? est-ce que vous devez partir tout de suite ?

• we've had to work late twice this week nous avons dû rester travailler tard deux fois cette semaine

• we'll have to find an alternative nous allons devoir trouver une autre solution

• the locks will have to be changed il va falloir changer les serrures

• what kind of equipment would you have to have? quel type de matériel vous faudrait-il ?

• it has to be the biggest scandal this year c'est sans aucun doute le plus gros scandale de l'année

• it still has to be proved ça reste à prouver

• do you have to make such a noise? tu ne pourrais pas faire un peu moins de bruit ?

► don't/doesn't have to + infinitive

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

► Note that falloir and devoir are not used.

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

• he doesn't have to work il n'a pas besoin de travailler

• you didn't have to tell her! tu n'avais pas besoin de le lui dire !

• it's nice not to have to work on Saturdays c'est agréable de ne pas avoir à travailler le samedi

• I don't have to do it je ne suis pas obligé or forcé de le faire

3. transitive verb

   a. avoir

• I have or I've got three books j'ai trois livres

• have you got a suitcase? avez-vous une valise ?

• she has blue eyes elle a les yeux bleus

• have you got this jumper in black? est-ce que vous avez ce pull en noir ?

• I haven't any more je n'en ai plus

• I have got nothing to do je n'ai rien à faire

• I've got a headache j'ai mal à la tête

• I had my camera ready j'avais mon appareil tout prêt

• to have a child avoir un enfant

• she is having a baby in April elle va avoir un bébé en avril

• our cat has had kittens notre chatte a eu des petits

• I'll have everything ready je veillerai à ce que tout soit prêt

   b. ( = eat, drink, take) he had an egg for breakfast il a mangé un œuf au petit déjeuner

• I'll just have a sandwich je vais juste prendre un sandwich

• have some more reprends-en

• shall we have a coffee? on prend un café ?

• to have tea with sb prendre le thé avec qn

• I've had a couple of aspirins j'ai pris deux aspirines

► will you have...? (in offers)

will you have tea or coffee? vous prendrez du thé ou du café ?

   c. ( = spend) passer

• what sort of day have you had? est-ce que tu as passé une bonne journée ?

• to have a pleasant evening passer une bonne soirée

   d. ( = smoke) fumer

• he had a cigarette il a fumé une cigarette

   e. ( = catch) tenir

• he had me by the throat il me tenait à la gorge

• I've got him where I want him! (inf) je le tiens !

• to be had (inf) ( = taken in) se faire avoir

• you've been had tu t'es fait avoir (inf)

   f. (set structures)

► to let sb have ( = give) donner à qn

• let me have your address donnez-moi votre adresse

• I'll let you have it for $100 je vous le cède pour 100 dollars► must have or have to have

• I must have £50 at once il me faut 50 livres immédiatement

• I must or have to have them by this afternoon il me les faut pour cet après-midi► won't have ( = refuse to accept)

I won't have this nonsense! je ne tolérerai pas ces enfantillages !

• I won't have it! je ne tolérerai pas ça !

• I won't have him risking his neck on that motorbike je ne veux pas qu'il risque sa vie sur cette moto► would have ( = wish)

what would you have me do? que voulez-vous que je fasse ?

• I would have you know that... sachez que...► to have sth done [+ service] faire faire qch

• to have sth mended faire réparer qch

• to have one's hair cut se faire couper les cheveux

• I've had the brakes checked j'ai fait vérifier les freins

• he had his car stolen il s'est fait voler sa voiture

• he had his worst fears confirmed ses pires craintes se sont réalisées► to have sb do sth faire faire qch à qn

• I had him clean the car je lui ai fait nettoyer la voiture

• she soon had them all reading and writing elle a réussi très rapidement à leur apprendre à lire et à écrire► had better ( = should)

I had better go now il vaut mieux que j'y aille

• you'd better not tell him that! tu ferais mieux de ne pas lui dire ça !► to have had it (inf)

I've had it ( = am done for) je suis fichu (inf)

• I've had it up to here j'en ai marre ! (inf)► to have to do with

• I have nothing to do with it je n'y suis pour rien

• that has nothing to do with it ça n'a rien à voir

4. noun

• the haves and the have-nots les riches mpl et les pauvres mpl

5. Phrasal Verbs

► have in separable transitive verb

   a. faire venir

• we'll have them in and discuss it nous allons les faire venir pour en discuter

   b. to have it in for sb (inf) avoir une dent contre qn

   c. to have it in one en être capable

• she has got it in her elle en est capable► have off separable transitive verb

(British)

to have it off with sb (inf!) s'envoyer (inf !) qn► have on separable transitive verb

   a. [+ clothes] porter

• he had nothing on il était tout nu

   b. (British = have planned) I've got so much on this week that... j'ai tant de choses à faire cette semaine que...

• I've got nothing on this evening je suis libre ce soir

   c. (British = tease) (inf) faire marcher (inf)

   d. Richard has nothing on him! (inf) Richard ne lui arrive pas à la cheville !

• the police have nothing on me (inf) la police n'a pas de preuve contre moi► have out separable transitive verb

   a. to have a tooth out se faire arracher une dent

   b. to have it out with sb s'expliquer avec qn► have round separable transitive verb

[+ friends, neighbours] inviter

► have up separable transitive verb

• to be had up passer en jugement ( for doing sth pour avoir fait qch)

* * *

transitive verb ( uses not covered in NOTE)

1) ( possess) avoir

2) ( consume) prendre

3) ( want) vouloir, prendre

4) (receive, get) recevoir [letter, information]

5) ( hold) faire [party, celebration]; tenir [meeting]; organiser [competition, ballot, exhibition]; avoir [conversation]; mener [enquiry]

6) (exert, exhibit) avoir [effect, influence]; avoir [courage, courtesy] ( to do de faire)

7) ( spend) passer

8) ( be provided with) (also have got)

9) (undergo, suffer) avoir

10) ( cause to be done)

11) ( cause to become)

12) ( allow) tolérer

13) ( physically hold) tenir

14) ( give birth to) [woman] avoir [child]; [animal] mettre bas, avoir [young]

15) ( as impersonal verb)

16) ( puzzle)

17) ( have at one's mercy) (also have got)

1) ( must)

2) ( need to)

3) ( for emphasis)

1) gen avoir; ( with movement and reflexive verbs) être

2) ( in tag questions etc)

having auxiliary verb

1) ( in time clauses)

2) (because, since)

•

- have around

- have back

- have in

- have on

- have over

- have up

••

§ (should, should) მეშველი ზმნა, რომელიც იხმარება მყოფად დროთა მისაღებად

§

1 (should) (დამხმარე ზმნა-იხმარება მომავალი დროის მისაღებად მხოლობითი და მრავლობითი რიცხვის პირველ პირში; should იხმარება Future-in-Past დროთა წარმოებისას)

2 (should) (როგორც მოდალური ზმნა გამოხატავს მოვალეობას, განზრახვას, ბრძანებას, მუქარას)

få

godta

ha

måtte

subst. \/hæv\/

1) ( hverdagslig) bedrag, skuffelse

• what a have!

2) (hverdagslig, oftest i flertall) velstående mennesker, rike

the haves and the have-nots de rike og de fattige, de besittende og de eiendomsløse

verb ( had - had) \/hæv\/, trykksvakt: \/həv\/, \/əv\/, \/v\/

1) (som hjelpeverb, brukt sammen med perfektum partisipp av verbet til å danne formene perfektum, pluskvamperfektum, futurum og kondisjonalis) ha, være

• I have done it

• she had told her

• they will have gone to sleep by now

• he could have saved him, had he known

• have you heard her? yes, I have

2) ( også have got) ha, eie, inneha, besitte

• how many children do they have?

• she has blue eyes

• he has a good memory

3) ha, erfare, oppleve

• did you have a nice time?

• I was having problems with my job

• did you have a good trip

4) ( også have got) lide av, ha

• she has asthma

• he has gout

5) ha, nyte, få, oppnå, være i besittelse av

• she has very good health

6) ha, holde, arrangere

• I'm having a party tonight

• he has a meeting with them now

7) kunne, forstå, fatte, ha kunnskap i

• she has little latin

• I have (got) it!

8) nære, ha, gjøre seg, kjenne, vise, utøve, ta

• he had no fear

• have a special liking for

9) gjøre, få (seg), ta (seg)

• have a walk

• do you have a bath every day?

10) få

• it is to be had at the stationer's

• I had a letter from him

11) la, få (til å)

• I had it done by an expert

• he needs to have his beard trimmed

12) spise, ta

• I'm having my dinner

• when do you usually have your dinner

• I have already had one!

13) drikke, ta

• we had a cup of tea

• have some wine!

14) få, føde

• she had a baby

15) ( hverdagslig) ha (over)taket på, ha tatt innersvingen på, slå, overvinne, beseire

• you have (got) me there!

16) lure, narre, snyte

• he is not easily had

17) (hverdagslig, oftest i passiv) ha samleie med

• she been had, and now she was pregnant

and\/or what have you ( hverdagslig) og det ene med det andre, og så videre, og gud vet hva

had it not been for hvis det ikke hadde vært for

• had it not been for Peter, the train would have derailed

be had up bli stilt for retten

• he was had up for drunken driving

have a cold være forkjølet

have a hard time of it se ➢ time, 1

have a long arm se ➢ arm, 1

have at ( gammeldags) angripe, gå løs på

have got it bad(ly) være sterkt følelsesmessig påvirket, være svært forelsket

have had it ( slang) være ferdig, være ute med

• he's had it

• that's it, I've had it now!

have in ha i huset

• do we have enough coal in for winter?

have it påstå, hevde, ha det til, si

• as Byron has it

• he will have it that...

• he will not have it that...

(med prep. og adv.) ha noe i seg, kunne noe, ha tæl

• I didn't think he had it in him

tillate

• I won't have it

• I'm not having you bossed about!

• I'm not having any!

have it all together ( hverdagslig) ha orden på sakene, være velorganisert, ta seg sammen

• I promise you next week I'll have it all together

have it coming ( hverdagslig) fortjene noe ubehagelig

have (got) it coming ha seg selv å takke, være svært forelsket

have it in for ha et horn i siden til

have it off\/away with someone (britisk, vulgært) ligge med noen, ha sex med noen

have it out with someone gjøre opp med noen, snakke ut med noen, ta et oppgjør med noen

have it over someone ha overtaket på noen

have nothing for it but to... ikke ha noe annet valg enn å...

have on ( om klær) ha på seg

• he had nothing on

• I have nothing on this evening

have one on me! ta en drink, jeg spanderer!

have oneself (spesielt amer., hverdagslig) gi seg selv, unne seg selv

have regard to ta hensyn til

have somebody doing\/do something få se at noen gjør noe, få erfare at noen gjør noe

• we shall soon have them calling every day

have somebody do something la noen gjøre noe, få noen til å gjøre noe

• have your doctor examine her

• I had her learn English

• what would you have me do

• I won't have you playing in my room!

have somebody down ha noen på besøk

• have somebody down for the weekend

have somebody in ta noen med hjem, invitere noen hjem

have somebody on ( hverdagslig) erte noen, lure noen, narre noen, drive ap med noen

have somebody up ha noen på besøk bringe noen for retten, stevne noen

have something done sørge for at noe blir gjort, se til at noe blir gjort, få noe gjort

• he had his garden weeded

• have one's hair cut

• he is having his house repaired

• he had his money stolen from him

have something one's own way gjøre som man (selv) vil, få viljen sin

have something on somebody ha noe på noen

• the police had nothing on him

have something to oneself beholde noe for seg selv, få være alene om noe

have the impudence to være frekk nok til å, være så frekk å

have time for ha tid til, få tid til

have to må(tte), være tvunget til å, få lov til å, behøve

• he had to pay £100

• he did not have to wait

• did you have to make a speech?

• I have to go

• that will have to do

let somebody have something la noen få noe, gi noen noe, selge noe til noen

• I'll let you have it for a pound

• let me have...

let someone have it (good and proper) la noen få på pukkelen, gi noen inn, gi noen det glatte lag

one had better... det er best at man..., man gjør klokest i å..., man gjøre lurest i å...

what will you have? hva skal det være?

shall [∫æl]

   a. (in 1st pers fut tense) I shall arrive on Monday j'arriverai lundi

• we shall not be there before 6 o'clock nous n'y serons pas avant 6 heures

   b. (in 1st pers questions) shall I open the door? voulez-vous que j'ouvre subj la porte ?

• I'll buy three, shall I? je vais en acheter trois, d'accord ?

• let's go in, shall we? entrons, voulez-vous ?

• shall we ask him to come with us? si on lui demandait de venir avec nous ?

   c. (indicating command) you shall obey me vous m'obéirez

* * *

1) ( in future tense)

2) ( in suggestions)

3) sout (in commands, contracts etc)

shall [ʃəl, stressed ʃæl]

ⓘ GRAM On trouve généralement I/you/he/ etc shall sous leurs formes contractées I'll/you'll/he'll/ etc. La forme négative correspondante est shan't que l'on écrira shall not dans des contextes formels.

modal auxiliary verb

(a) (as future auxiliary)

∎ I shall or I'll come tomorrow je viendrai demain;

∎ I shall not or I shan't be able to come je ne pourrai pas venir;

∎ we shall have finished by tomorrow nous aurons fini demain;

∎ I shall now attempt a triple somersault je vais à présent essayer d'exécuter un triple saut périlleux;

∎ as we shall see comme nous le verrons, comme nous allons le voir

(b) (in suggestions, questions)

∎ shall I open the window? voulez-vous que j'ouvre la fenêtre?;

∎ shall we go for a drive? on va faire un tour en voiture?;

∎ I'll shut that window, shall I? je peux fermer cette fenêtre, si vous voulez;

∎ we'll all go then, shall we? dans ce cas, pourquoi n'y allons-nous pas tous?;

∎ what shall we buy? qu'est-ce qu'on va acheter?;

∎ where shall we go? où est-ce qu'on va aller?

(c) formal (emphatic use)

∎ you shall go to the ball! vous irez au bal!;

∎ it shall be done ce sera fait;

∎ Bible thou shalt not kill tu ne tueras point

shall,

❢ When shall is used to form the future tense in English, the same rules apply as for will. You will find a note on this and on question tags and short answers near the entry will. modal aux

1 ( in future tense) I shall ou I'll see you tomorrow je vous verrai demain ; we shall not ou shan't have a reply before Friday nous n'aurons pas de réponse avant vendredi ;

2 ( in suggestions) shall I set the table? est-ce que je mets la table? ; shall we go to the cinema tonight? et si on allait au cinéma ce soir? ; let's buy some peaches, shall we? et si on achetait des pêches? ;

3 sout (in commands, contracts etc) you shall do as I say tu dois faire ce que je te dis ; the sum shall be paid on signature of the contract le montant devra être versé à la signature du contrat ; thou shalt not steal Bible tu ne voleras point.

have [hæv (полная форма); həv, əv, v (редуцированные формы)]

1. v (had)

1) име́ть; облада́ть;

I have a very good flat у меня́ прекра́сная кварти́ра

;

I have no time for him мне не́когда с ним вози́ться

;

2) содержа́ть, име́ть в соста́ве;

June has 30 days в ию́не 30 дней

;

3) испы́тывать (что-л.), подверга́ться (чему-л.);

to have a pleasant time прия́тно провести́ вре́мя

;

4) получа́ть; добива́ться;

we had news мы получи́ли изве́стие

;

5) проводи́ть ( собрание, вечер и т.п.)

6) (обыкн. употр. в отриц. форме) допуска́ть; терпе́ть; позволя́ть;

I won't have it я не потерплю́ э́того

;

7) роди́ть, приноси́ть пото́мство

8) знать; понима́ть;

he has no Greek он не зна́ет гре́ческого языка́

;

9) разг. победи́ть, взять верх;

10) (употр. в pres. perf. pass.) разг. обману́ть; разочарова́ть;

11) утвержда́ть, говори́ть;

as Shakespeare has it как ска́зано у Шекспи́ра

;

if you will have it... е́сли вы наста́иваете...

;

12) разг.:

I have got = I have, you have got = you have, he has got = he has и т.д. (в разн. знач.)

;

I have got no money about me у меня́ нет при себе́ де́нег

;

13) образует фразовые глаголы

1) с отглагольными существительными обозначает конкретное действие:

to have a walk прогуля́ться

;

to have a smoke покури́ть

;

to have a try попыта́ться и т.д.

;

go and have a lie down пойди́ полежи́

;

2) с абстрактными существительными означает испы́тывать чу́вство, ощуще́ние;

to have pity жале́ть

;

14) с существительными, обозначающими еду, имеет значение есть, пить:

to have breakfast за́втракать

;

to have dinner обе́дать и т.п.

;

15) со сложным дополнением показывает, что действие выполняется не субъектом, выраженным подлежащим, а другим лицом по желанию субъекта, или что оно совершается без его желания:

please, have your brother bring my books пусть твой брат принесёт мои́ кни́ги

;

he had his watch repaired ему́ почини́ли часы́

;

he had his pocket picked его́ обчи́стили

;

16) как вспомогательный глагол употребляется для образования перфектной формы:

I have done, I had done я сде́лал, I shall have done я сде́лаю

;

17) с последующим инфинитивом имеет модальное значение: быть до́лжным, вы́нужденным (что-л. делать);

I have to go to the dentist мне необходи́мо пойти́ к зубно́му врачу́

;

have down принима́ть в ка́честве го́стя;

we'll have them down for a few days они́ бу́дут гости́ть у нас не́сколько дней

;

have in име́ть в до́ме (запас чего-л.);

we have enough coal in for the winter у нас доста́точно у́гля на́ зиму, нам хва́тит у́гля на́ зиму

;

а) быть оде́тым в;

to have a hat (an overcoat) on быть в шля́пе (в пальто́)

;

б) разг. обма́нывать, надува́ть; разы́грывать

◊

I had better ( или best) я предпочёл бы, лу́чше бы

;

you had better go home вам бы лу́чше пойти́ домо́й

;

have no doubt мо́жете не сомнева́ться

;

he had eyes only for his mother он смотре́л то́лько на мать, он не ви́дел никого́, кро́ме ма́тери

;

а) он безнадёжно отста́л, он устаре́л;

б) он поги́б, он пропа́л;

to have a question out with smb. вы́яснить вопро́с с кем-л.

;

to have it in for smb. затаи́ть что-л. плохо́е про́тив кого́-л.

;

to have smb. up привле́чь кого́-л. к суду́

;

а) не име́ть ули́к про́тив кого́-л.;

б) не знать ничего́ дурно́го о ком-л.;

let him have it дай ему́ взбу́чку, зада́й ему́ пе́рцу

;

will you have the goodness to do it? бу́дьте насто́лько добры́, сде́лайте э́то

;

2. n

1):

2) разг. моше́нничество, обма́н

1) держаться у стены, ближе к стене [чтобы не упасть в сточную канаву - в старину, когда тротуаров не было, сточные канавы тянулись по обочинам дороги]

2) (of smb.) не уступать кому-л. дороги, иметь преимущество перед кем-л., взять верх над кем-л.

1) (smb.) припереть кого-л. к стенке; держать кого-л. в страхе [этим. охот. загнать зверя]

2) (smb. или smth.) сдерживать кого-л. или что-л.; стараться преодолеть что-л

3) (smb.) воен. не давать передышки, постоянно беспокоить, изматывать ( противника)

auxiliary verb only in pres.

shall, neg. (coll.) shan't, past should, neg. (coll.) shouldn't

1) (expr. simple future) werden

2) should (expr. conditional) würde/würdest/würden/würdet

3) (expr. command)

4) (expr. will or intention)

5) in conditional clause

6) in tentative assertion

* * *

1) (used to form future tenses of other verbs when the subject is I or we: We shall be leaving tomorrow; I shall have arrived by this time tomorrow.) ich werde,wir werden

2) (used to show the speaker's intention: I shan't be late tonight.) Bezeichnung einer Absicht

3) (used in questions, the answer to which requires a decision: Shall I tell him, or shan't I?; Shall we go now?) sollen

4) (used as a form of command: You shall go if I say you must.) müssen

* * *

1. usu BRIT (future)

▪ I/we \shall... ich werde/wir werden...

2. esp BRIT (ought to, must)

▪ I/he/she \shall... ich/er/sie soll...

▪ you \shall... du sollst...

▪ we/you/they \shall... wir/Sie/sie sollen...

3. (mandatory)

it \shall be unlawful... es ist verboten,...

4. (enquiring)

\shall I/we...? soll ich/sollen wir...?

I'll try, \shall I? ich werd's versuchen, ja?

let's try, \shall we? lass uns versuchen, oder? [o ja?]

* * *

1)

2)

3)

* * *

shall [ʃæl] inf, imp und pperf fehlen, 2. sg präs obs shalt [ʃælt], 3. sg präs shall, prät should [ʃʊd], 2. sg präs obs shouldst [ʃʊdst], shouldest [-ıst] v/aux (mit folgendem inf ohne to)

1. Futur: ich werde, wir werden:

2. besonders bei Fragen, die einen Vorschlag oder eine Einladung beinhalten: soll ich …?, sollen wir …?:

shall I call you back?;

shall we dance? wollen wir tanzen?;

shall we go? gehen wir?

3. nach you, he, she, it und they zum Ausdruck einer Drohung etc:

you shall pay for this! das sollst oder wirst du mir büßen!

4. als Frageanhängsel nach I und we, oft unübersetzt:

let’s start, shall we? kommt, fangen wir an!;

I’ll have five, shall I? ich nehme fünf, ja?

5. besonders JUR (zur Bezeichnung einer Mussbestimmung, im Deutschen durch Indikativ wiedergegeben):

any person shall be liable … jede Person ist verpflichtet …;

this door shall be open all the time diese Tür muss ständig geöffnet bleiben

* * *

auxiliary verb only in pres.

shall, neg. (coll.) shan't, past should, neg. (coll.) shouldn't

1) (expr. simple future) werden

2) should (expr. conditional) würde/würdest/würden/würdet

3) (expr. command)

4) (expr. will or intention)

5) in conditional clause

6) in tentative assertion

1) (used to form future tenses of other verbs when the subject is I or we: We shall be leaving tomorrow; I shall have arrived by this time tomorrow.) (se usa para formar el futuro)

2) (used to show the speaker's intention: I shan't be late tonight.) (se usa para expresar la intención del hablante)

3) (used in questions, the answer to which requires a decision: Shall I tell him, or shan't I?; Shall we go now?) debería/s/mos...

4) (used as a form of command: You shall go if I say you must.) tener que, deber

shall vb

tr[ʃæl, ʊnstressed ʃəl]

auxiliar

1 (Used with 1st person sing & pl) (future)

■ I shall go tomorrow iré mañana

■ we shall see them on Sunday los veremos el domingo

■ I shan't mention any names no daré nombres

2 (Used with 1st person sing & pl) (questions, offers, suggestions)

■ shall I close the window? ¿cierro la ventana?

■ shall I make some tea? ¿hago un poco de té?, ¿quieres que haga un poco de té?

■ what shall we do today? ¿qué hacemos hoy?

■ I'll carry it, shall I? lo llevaré yo, ¿quieres?

■ let's go to the beach, shall we? vamos a la playa, ¿te parece?

3 formal use (emphatic, command)

■ we shall overcome venceremos

■ you shall leave immediately te irás enseguida

shall ['ʃæl] v aux, past should ['ʃʊd] present s & pl shall

1) (used to express a command)

you shall do as I say: harás lo que te digo

2) (used to express futurity)

we shall see: ya veremos

when shall we expect you?: ¿cuándo te podemos esperar?

3) (used to express determination)

you shall have the money: tendrás el dinero

4) (used to express a condition)

if he should die: si muriera

if they should call, tell me: si llaman, dímelo

5) (used to express obligation)

he should have said it: debería haberlo dicho

6) (used to express probability)

they should arrive soon: deben (de) llegar pronto

why should he lie?: ¿porqué ha de mentir?

• deber v.

modal verb (past should)

1) (with 1st person)

a) ( in statements about the future)

b) (making suggestions, asking for assent) [The present tense is used in this type of question in Spanish]

2) (with 2nd and 3rd persons) (in commands, promises etc)

[ʃæl]

1) (used to form 1st person in future tense and questions)

2) (in commands, emphatic)

* * *

modal verb (past should)

1) (with 1st person)

a) ( in statements about the future)

b) (making suggestions, asking for assent) [The present tense is used in this type of question in Spanish]

2) (with 2nd and 3rd persons) (in commands, promises etc)

1) (in future tense)

2) (in suggestions)

3) form. (in commands, contracts etc.)

* * *

1) (used to form future tenses of other verbs when the subject is I or we: We shall be leaving tomorrow; I shall have arrived by this time tomorrow.) (ausiliare per la formazione del futuro)

2) (used to show the speaker's intention: I shan't be late tonight.) (avere l'intenzione)

3) (used in questions, the answer to which requires a decision: Shall I tell him, or shan't I?; Shall we go now?) (ausiliare usato in frasi interrogative)

4) (used as a form of command: You shall go if I say you must.) dovere

* * *

1) (in future tense)

2) (in suggestions)

3) form. (in commands, contracts etc.)

[hæv]

have утверждать, говорить; as Shakespeare has it как сказано у Шекспира I have to go to the dentist мне необходимо пойти к зубному врачу; the clock will have to be fixed часы нужно починить to have a try попытаться; go and have a lie down пойди полежи have on быть одетым в; to have a hat (an overcoat) on быть в шляпе (в пальто) have испытывать (что-л.), подвергаться (чему-л.); to have a pleasant time приятно провести время; I have a headache у меня болит голова he has had it разг. он погиб, он пропал; to have a question out (with smb.) выяснить вопрос (с кем-л.); to have one up привлечь (кого-л.) к суду to have a walk прогуляться; to have a smoke покурить smoke: have курение; to have a smoke покурить to have a try попытаться; go and have a lie down пойди полежи try: have попытка; to have (или to make) a try (at (или for) smth.) попытаться (сделать что-л.) to have a walk прогуляться; to have a smoke покурить have с существительными, обозначающими еду, имеет значение есть, пить: to have breakfast завтракать; to have dinner обедать; to have tea пить чай I won't have you say such things я вам не позволю говорить такие вещи; have down принимать в качестве гостя we'll have them down for a few days они будут гостить у нас несколько дней; have in иметь в доме (запас чего-л.) have in stock иметь в запасе to have pity жалеть; to have mercy щадить mercy: have милость; прощение, помилование; to beg for mercy просить пощады; to have mercy (on (или upon) smb.) щадить, миловать (кого-л.) you had better go home вам бы лучше пойти домой; have done! перестань(те)!; have no doubt можете не сомневаться to have nothing (on smb.) не знать ничего дурного (о ком-л.); let him have it дай ему взбучку, задай ему перцу to have nothing (on smb.) не иметь улик (против кого-л.) nothing: to have have (on smb., smth.) не иметь преимуществ (перед кем-л., чем-л.) to have have (on smb., smth.) не иметь претензий (к кому-л.); next to nothing почти ничего; очень мало have on быть одетым в; to have a hat (an overcoat) on быть в шляпе (в пальто) have on разг. обманывать, надувать; I had better (или best) я предпочел бы, лучше бы he has had it разг. он погиб, он пропал; to have a question out (with smb.) выяснить вопрос (с кем-л.); to have one up привлечь (кого-л.) к суду to have pity жалеть; to have mercy щадить have с существительными, обозначающими еду, имеет значение есть, пить: to have breakfast завтракать; to have dinner обедать; to have tea пить чай have to one's credit пользоваться доверием please, have your brother bring my books пусть твой брат принесет мои книги the haves and the have-nots разг. имущие и неимущие he had eyes only for his mother он смотрел только на мать, он не видел никого, кроме матери he had his pocket picked его обокрали; what would you have me do? что Вы хотите, чтобы я сделал he had his watch repaired ему починили часы have победить, взять верх; he had you in the first game он побил вас в первой партии have разг.: I have got = I have, you have got = you have, he has got = he has и т. д. (в разн. знач.) he's: he's сокр. разг. = he is, he has have разг.: I have got = I have, you have got = you have, he has got = he has и т. д. (в разн. знач.) she has got a cold она простужена; he has got to go there ему придется пойти туда he has had it разг. он безнадежно отстал, он устарел he has had it разг. он погиб, он пропал; to have a question out (with smb.) выяснить вопрос (с кем-л.); to have one up привлечь (кого-л.) к суду will you have the goodness to do it? будьте настолько добры, сделайте это; he has never had it so good ему никогда так хорошо не жилось I have no time for him мне некогда с ним возиться; he has no equals ему нет равных have знать, понимать; he has no Greek он не знает греческого языка; I have your idea я понял вашу мысль if you will have it... если вы настаиваете...; he will have it that... он утверждает, что... have on разг. обманывать, надувать; I had better (или best) я предпочел бы, лучше бы have как вспомогательный глагол употребляется для образования перфектной формы: I have done, I had done я сделал, I shall have done я сделаю; to have done сделать have разг.: I have got = I have, you have got = you have, he has got = he has и т. д. (в разн. знач.) have испытывать (что-л.), подвергаться (чему-л.); to have a pleasant time приятно провести время; I have a headache у меня болит голова have (had) иметь, обладать; I have a very good flat у меня прекрасная квартира have как вспомогательный глагол употребляется для образования перфектной формы: I have done, I had done я сделал, I shall have done я сделаю; to have done сделать have разг.: I have got = I have, you have got = you have, he has got = he has и т. д. (в разн. знач.) I have got no money about me у меня нет при себе денег I have no time for him мне некогда с ним возиться; he has no equals ему нет равных I have to go to the dentist мне необходимо пойти к зубному врачу; the clock will have to be fixed часы нужно починить have знать, понимать; he has no Greek он не знает греческого языка; I have your idea я понял вашу мысль have как вспомогательный глагол употребляется для образования перфектной формы: I have done, I had done я сделал, I shall have done я сделаю; to have done сделать have допускать; терпеть; позволять; I won't have it я не потерплю этого I won't have you say such things я вам не позволю говорить такие вещи; have down принимать в качестве гостя if you will have it... если вы настаиваете...; he will have it that... он утверждает, что... have содержать, иметь в составе; June has 30 days в июне 30 дней; the room has four windows в комнате четыре окна to have nothing (on smb.) не знать ничего дурного (о ком-л.); let him have it дай ему взбучку, задай ему перцу have содержать, иметь в составе; June has 30 days в июне 30 дней; the room has four windows в комнате четыре окна she has got a cold она простужена; he has got to go there ему придется пойти туда have получать; добиваться; we had news мы получили известие; there is nothing to be had ничего не добьешься have получать; добиваться; we had news мы получили известие; there is nothing to be had ничего не добьешься we have enough coal in for the winter у нас достаточно угля на зиму, нам хватит угля на зиму we'll have them down for a few days они будут гостить у нас несколько дней; have in иметь в доме (запас чего-л.) he had his pocket picked его обокрали; what would you have me do? что Вы хотите, чтобы я сделал will you have the goodness to do it? будьте настолько добры, сделайте это; he has never had it so good ему никогда так хорошо не жилось you had better go home вам бы лучше пойти домой; have done! перестань(те)!; have no doubt можете не сомневаться have разг.: I have got = I have, you have got = you have, he has got = he has и т. д. (в разн. знач.) you've: you've сокр. разг. = you have have разг. (употр. в pres. perf. pass.) обмануть; разочаровать; you have been had вас обманули have разг.: I have got = I have, you have got = you have, he has got = he has и т. д. (в разн. знач.)

1) (used to form future tenses of other verbs when the subject is I or we: We shall be leaving tomorrow; I shall have arrived by this time tomorrow.) skal; vil

2) (used to show the speaker's intention: I shan't be late tonight.) skal; vil

3) (used in questions, the answer to which requires a decision: Shall I tell him, or shan't I?; Shall we go now?) skal

4) (used as a form of command: You shall go if I say you must.) skal

* * *

1) (used to form future tenses of other verbs when the subject is I or we: We shall be leaving tomorrow; I shall have arrived by this time tomorrow.) skal; vil

2) (used to show the speaker's intention: I shan't be late tonight.) skal; vil

3) (used in questions, the answer to which requires a decision: Shall I tell him, or shan't I?; Shall we go now?) skal

4) (used as a form of command: You shall go if I say you must.) skal

I

1. во 2-м и 3-м лице выражает

1) волю говорящего, его приказ, распоряжение и т. п.:

2) обещание, угрозу и т. п.:

2. 1) выражает желательность или обязательность действия:

2) в текстах законов, соглашений, приказов и т. п. выражает долженствование и часто соответствует настоящему времени:

3) употребляется в предсказаниях, пророчествах и т. п.:

3. с личным местоимением 1-го лица выражает решимость:

III Б

вспомогательный глагол служит для образования формы будущего времени в 1-м лице в утвердительных и отрицательных предложениях и в 1-м и 2-м лице в вопросительных предложениях: